Countries of the Persian Gulf

 

 

Persian Gulf, shallow marginal sea of the Indian Ocean that lies between the Arabian Peninsula and southwestern Iran. The sea has an area of about 93,000 square miles (241,000 square km). Its length is some 615 miles (990 km), and its width varies from a maximum of about 210 miles (340 km) to a minimum of 35 miles (55 km) in the Strait of Hormuz. It is bordered on the north, northeast, and east by Iran; on the southeast and south by part of Oman and by the United Arab Emirates; on the southwest and west by Qatar, Bahrain, and Saudi Arabia; and on the northwest by Kuwait and Iraq. The term Persian Gulf (or Arabian Gulf, the name used by Arabs) sometimes is employed to refer not only to the Persian Gulf proper but also to its outlets, the Strait of Hormuz and the Gulf of Oman, which open into the Arabian Sea. This discussion, however, focuses primarily on the Persian Gulf proper.

In this basin vast quantities of sediments accumulate - mostly limestone and marls (a mixture of calcareous and silicate mud), together with evaporates and organic matter - which ultimately produced the area’s extensive oil resources.

The gulf has a notoriously unpleasant climate. Temperatures are high, though winters may be quite cool at the northwestern extremities. The sparse rainfall occurs mainly as sharp downpours between November and April and is higher in the northeast. Humidity is high. The little cloud cover is more prevalent in winter than in summer. Thunderstorms and fog are rare, but dust storms and haze occur frequently in summer. Squalls and waterspouts are common in autumn. Intense heating of the land adjacent to the coasts leads to gentle offshore winds in the mornings and strong onshore winds in the afternoons and evenings.

The small freshwater inflow into the gulf is mostly from the Tigris, Euphrates, and Kārūn rivers. Surface-water temperatures range from 24 to 32 °C in the Strait of Hormuz to 16 to 32 °C in the extreme northwest. These high temperatures and a low influx of fresh water result in evaporation in excess of freshwater inflow; high salinities result.

Since World War II the Persian Gulf and the surrounding countries have come to account for a significant proportion of the world’s oil production. In addition, the area has approximately two-thirds of the world’s estimated proven oil reserves and one-third of the world’s estimated proven natural gas reserves. The region thus has acquired considerable strategic significance for the world’s industrialized countries. Exploration has remained active, and new reserves are continually being discovered, both on land and offshore. Control of these reserves has led to numerous legal wrangles among states about exact territorial limits and has been at least partially responsible for major conflicts in the region: the Iran-Iraq War of the 1980s, the Persian Gulf War of the early 1990s, and the Iraq War of the early 21st century. Large amounts of oil are refined locally, but most is exported to northwestern Europe, East Asia, and other areas of the world. Petrochemical and other petroleum-based industries, as well as consumer industries, have been developing rapidly in the gulf region.

 

 Questions

1. Name all the countries of the Persian Gulf

2. What led to the oil reserves?

3. What is the climate in this region?

4. Where does fresh water come from?

5. What are the oil and gas reserves in the Persian Gulf?

6. What is responsible for the wars in the Gulf region?

New York, London, Washington

 New York is one of the largest cities in the world and the biggest seaport. It's the financial capital of the country and of the world. It's the business centre of the United States. The city is situated in New York State, at the mouth of the Hudson river. It's population is over nine million. In early times the New York area was populated by Indians. It is here in Wall Street many business offices, banks and world famous New York stock exchange are situated.

New York is an industrial and cultural centre of the country. The most important branches of industry are those producing vehicles, glass, chemicals. New York is also a great cultural centre. It has many museums, art galleries, theatres. There are two world-famous streets in New York — Broadway and Fifth Avenue.

Broadway is the centre of the theatres and night life. Fifth Avenue is the great shopping, hotel and club avenue.

The Empire State Building is at Fifth Avenue. It's a 102-storeyed building, was built in 1931. The Metropolitan Museum of Art is at Fifth Avenue. It includes hundreds of world famous masterpieces and attracts many visitors.

The Statue of Liberty is the symbol of American democracy. It stands on Liberty Island in New York port. Liberty carries the torch of freedom in her right hand. In her left hand she is holding a tablet with the inscription "July 4,1776" — American Independence Day.

Today New York City is informally called "The Big Apple". The origin of this name is unknown, but it is popular all over the world.

Questions:

1. Is New York a capital of the USA? 2. Where is New York situated? 3. Is New York an industrial centre?

 4. What are the two world — famous streets in New York? 5. What is the nickname of New York? 6. Would you like to visit New York?

Vocabulary: stock exchange — биржа vehicles — транспортные средства include — включать masterpiece — шедевр torch — факел

London is the capital of Great Britain or the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. London stands on the river Thames, about forty miles from the mouth and is divided into two parts by the river: north and south. There are 17 bridges that cross the river. The population of the city is about 9 million people.

It is an ancient city, it is more than 2000 years old. London consists of three parts: the City, The Westminster, The West End and the East End. The City is the heart of London. The City is the most important financial center of the country; there are banks and offices of companies from all over the world there.

The West End is the rich. The West End has many theaters, bars, restaurants and hotels. The popular place is Piccadilly Circus. It is a square in the central part of London.

Covent Garden is a shopping center with cafes and restaurants.

The East End of London is the industrial area and the place where the working people live. There are many factories, workshops and docks there. The East End, lying eastwards from the City is very large and crowded. 

Another important district of London is Westminster, where most of Government buildings are situated. Westminster Palace is the seat of the British Parliament. Westminster Palace was founded in 1050. It is situated in the centre of London. Many great Englishmen were buried in the Abbey: Newton, Darwin and others. 

Answer the questions: 

How many people live in London?  Where is London situated?  What parts is London traditionally divided into?

How old is the City?  What is the West End?  What is the East End?  What is Covent Garden? What is district Westminster?

Washington

The beautiful city of Washington D.C. is the capital of the United States and the centre of its government. The capital was named after the first president George Washington and was founded in 1790. It is situated on the Potomac River in the District of Columbia. Washington is not the largest city in the USA. It has about 900 000 inhabitants.

Washington D.C. has nothing characteristically American in it, as its conception is purely French. It has long wide avenues, gardens, beautiful parks and no skyscrapers at all.

Washington is the residence of the President and the Congress of the USA. The White House is the President's residence, the Capitol — the seat of the American Congress. The largest and the tallest among the buildings is the Capitol with its great House of Representatives and Senate Chamber. There are no skyscrapers because no other building must be taller than the Capitol.

All american presidents except George Washington (the White House was not yet built in his time) have lived in the White House. It was built in 1799. Washington is a large scientific and cultural centre, where there are many research institutes, five universities, the National Academy of Science and the Library of Congress.

There is one more well-known building in Washington — Pentagon, the residence of the US Military department. It is situated in the suburbs to the south of the Potomac.

Questions:

1. What is the capital of the USA? 2. Who was the first President of the USA? 3. Is White House situated there?
4. Did George Washington live in the White House? 5. Name the famous buildings in Washington. 6. Is there any industry in Washington?
Vocabulary: to be founded — быть основанным conception — понятия, замысел skyscraper — небоскреб
except — за исключением suburb — пригород. 

Сравнительные конструкции в английском

 Сравнительные обороты

Сравнительные конструкции в английском

 

Когда мы хотим сказать что два предмета имеют равное качество, мы используем сравнительный оборот 

1. AS…AS… — такой же… как, и… 

В этом случае мы употребляем  прилагательное в положительной степени, то есть в его обычной основной форме:

My car is as big as yours. - Моя машина такая же большая, как и твоя.

 

При отрицании равенства качеств двух предметов используется тот же оборот, только с частицей not: 

2. NOT AS…AS …. (не так …, как …) или NOT SO… AS… (не такой…, как…). Прилагательное также употребляется в положительной степени:

My car is not as big as yours. — Моя машина не такая большая как твоя.

My car is not so expensive as yours. – Моя машина не такая дорогая как твоя.

 

При сравнении двух предметов неравного качества употребляется союз 

3. THAN (чем) с прилагательным в сравнительной степени:

My car is bigger than yours. – Моя машина больше чем твоя.

Это самая употребляемая сравнительная конструкция. 

 

Для усиления сравнения можно добавлять следующие слова:

much — намного far — гораздо by far — безусловно

a lot — значительно a little — немного even — даже still — ещё

My car is much bigger than yours! – Моя машина намного больше твоей!

Your car is a little faster than mine. – Твоя машина немного быстрее моей.

Bob’s car is a lot more comfortable for this trip.  – Машина Боба значительно более удобна для этой поездки. But this car is even more comfortable – Но эта машина даже еще более удобна.

 

1. Перефразируйте предложения, используя конструкции «as … as»  или «not so … as».

Н-р:  Russia is bigger than India. (Россия больше Индии.) – India isn’t so big as Russia. (Индия не так велика, как Россия.)

1. He is very tall and she is very tall too. (Он очень высокий, и она тоже очень высокая.) – He is .......... her.

2. Jane and Tim are both good swimmers. (Джейн и Тим – оба хорошие пловцы.) – Jane swims ……….

3. Sara is stronger than me. (Сара сильнее меня.) – I’m not ……….

4. Our hotel is more expensive than yours. (Наш отель дороже, чем ваш.) – Your hotel isn’t ………. ours.

5. His blue suit is very smart and his black suit is also very smart. (Его синий костюм классный, и черный костюм тоже классный.) – His blue suit is ………. his black suit.

6. My cat is younger than my dog. (Моя кошка младше собаки.) – My dog isn’t ………. my cat.

 

2. Поставьте в предложения подходящие по смыслу фразы.

as red as a beet (красный как свекла), as slow as a turtle (медленный как черепаха), as sweet as honey (сладкий как мед), as busy as a bee (занятой как пчела), as clumsy as a bear (неуклюжий как медведь), as black as coal (черный как уголь), as cold as ice (холодный как лед), as slippery as an eel (изворотливый как угорь), as free as a bird (свободный как птица), as smooth as silk (гладкий как шелк).

 

1. Your friend is so unemotional, he is … .

2. I got embarrassed and I was … .

3. Tom and Anna have got six children and they are always … .

4. Sorry, Bob, but I’ve spilled the milk on the carpet. I’m … .

5. I like my skin after a bath, it is … .

6. The exams are over and I can go anywhere I want. I am … .

7. He asked me to forgive him and his words were … .

8. Can you drive faster? Your car is … .

9. Don’t sign any papers with that man. He is … .

10. After playing in the mud all day, the kids were … 

Bad Habits

 Bad Habits

Influence of Food

Food we eat also influences our health. Nowadays people are very busy and they often eat in fast food restaurants as they don’t have time to cook. Fast food is unhealthy. It is very rich in calories (fatty) and has a lot of additives. This food gives a lot of energy. But if you don’t work it out (израсходовать), it becomes fat in your body. The same is with chocolates, cakes and sweets. They have much fat and sugar.

People should get rid of a habit of eating fast food and get into a habit of eating organic food such as fruit, vegetables and fish.

There are other bad habits, which can ruin our health. It is smoking, drinking alcohol and using drugs.

 

Задание 1. Name bad habits. Consult the table.

1. lead to (приводить) = cause (вызывать) = result in

2. take measures – принимать меры

3. argument – довод, аргумент

4. convince – убеждать

5. affect= influence – влиять

6. overeating - переедание

 

1. Which arguments against bad habits seem most convincing to you? Place them in order of importance. Consult the table.

2. Which of the arguments will you use to convince your friends or parents not to smoke or drink to much? Use the table.

---

Задание 2. Answer the questions:

1. How does our health depend on our lifestyle?
2.  What can people do to stay healthy? What do you personally do?
3. Is sport a hobby or a part of your everyday life?
4. Is sport popular in your family? Do your parents do sports regularly?
5. Why is it important to exercise every day?
6. What bad habits do you know? Why are they dangerous?

https://englishinn.ru/healthy-way-of-life-angliyskie-slova-po-teme.html

Name the famous USA TV presenters

 1. Name the famous USA TV presenters

 

2. Answer the questions:

1. What is press in the USA characterized by?

2. What are the two major kinds of daily newspapers in the USA?

3. Why do we say that there is no national press in the USA?

4. Why can we say that there is a national press in the USA?

5. What are the American newspapers of international excellence?

6. What source do many American newspapers get their news from?

 

 In 1986, a total of 9144 newspapers (daily, Sunday, weekly) appeared in the USA. Newspapers are published in 34 different languages.

Most daily papers in the USA are of the «quality» rather than the «popular» variety. Among the 20 newspapers with the largest circulation only two or three regularly feature crime, sex and scandal. The paper with the largest circulation, «The Wall Street Journal», is a very serious paper indeed.

It is often said that there is no «national press» in the United States as there is in Great Britain, for instance. In one sense this is true. There are no official or government-owned newspapers in the USA. There is no state censorship, that is, court or judges cannot stop a story from being printed or published. Most daily newspapers are distributed locally, or regionally. People buy one of the big city newspapers in addition to small local ones. A few of the best-known newspapers, such as «The Wall Street Journal» can be found throughout the country. There has been one attempt to publish a truly national newspaper, «US Today». But it has only a circulation of 1,2 million and can only offer news of general interest.

In another sense, however, there is a national press, one that comes from influence and the sharing of news. Some of the largest newspapers, such as «The New York Times», «The Washington Post» and «The Los Angeles Times» are at the same time news-gathering businesses, or news services. They not only print newspapers, but also collect and sell news, news features and photographs to hundreds of other papers in the USA and abroad. These newspapers have great national and international influence, spreading far beyond their own readers.

In addition, these newspapers and others, such as «Christian Science Monitor», «The Baltimore Sun» or the «Milwaukee Journal» are frequently mentioned among papers of international excellence. In a large international survey of newspaper editors, «The New York Times» was ranked by most as «the world’s top daily».

American newspapers get much of their news from the same source as all newspapers in the world - the two world’s largest news agencies - AP (Associated Press) and UPI (United Press International). Neither of them is owned, controlled or operated by the government. They have thousands of subscribers - newspapers, radio and television stations and other agencies which pay to receive and use the news and photographs in more than 100 countries of the world.

Пресса в США

В 1986 году в США вышло в общей сложности 9144 газеты (ежедневные, воскресные, еженедельные). Газеты издаются на 34 различных языках.

Большинство ежедневных газет в США относятся к категории «качественных», а не «популярных». Среди 20 газет с самым большим тиражом только две или три регулярно освещают преступления, секс и скандалы. Газета с самым большим тиражом, «The Wall Street Journal», действительно очень серьезная.

Часто говорят, что в Соединенных Штатах нет «национальной прессы», как, например, в Великобритании. В каком-то смысле это верно. В США нет официальных или государственных газет. Государственной цензуры не существует, то есть суд или судьи не могут помешать напечатать или опубликовать статью. Большинство ежедневных газет распространяются на местном или региональном уровнях. Люди покупают одну из крупных городских газет в дополнение к небольшим местным. Несколько самых известных газет, таких как «The Wall Street Journal», можно найти по всей стране. Была предпринята одна попытка издать по-настоящему национальную газету «МЫ сегодня». Но его тираж составляет всего 1,2 миллиона экземпляров, и он может предлагать только новости, представляющие общий интерес.

Однако в другом смысле существует национальная пресса, которая основывается на влиянии и обмене новостями. Некоторые из крупнейших газет, такие как «Нью-Йорк таймс», «Вашингтон пост» и «Лос-Анджелес таймс», в то же время являются предприятиями по сбору новостей или новостными службами. Они не только печатают газеты, но и собирают и продают новости, репортажи и фотографии сотням других газет в США и за рубежом. Эти газеты обладают огромным национальным и международным влиянием, распространяясь далеко за пределы своих собственных читателей.

Кроме того, эти и другие газеты, такие как «Christian Science Monitor», «The Baltimore Sun» или «Milwaukee Journal», часто упоминаются среди статей международного уровня. В крупном международном опросе редакторов газет «Нью-Йорк таймс» была оценена большинством как «лучшая ежедневная газета в мире».

Американские газеты получают большую часть своих новостей из того же источника, что и все газеты в мире, - двух крупнейших мировых информационных агентств - AP (Associated Press) и UPI (United Press International). Ни один из них не принадлежит, не контролируется и не управляется правительством. У них тысячи подписчиков - газеты, радио- и телевизионные станции, и другие агентства, которые платят за получение и использование новостей и фотографий в более чем 100 странах мира.

 

Topical Vocabulary

-a total of...в количестве .., .a daily newspaper ежедневная газета, a Sunday newspaper воскресная газета

a weekly newspaper еженедельная газета, to be published быть опубликованным, - a paper of the «quality» variety серьезная газета

a paper of the «popular» variety популярная газета, circulation тираж, to feature crime,

sex and scandal публиковать статьи о преступлениях, сексе и скандалах, - national press национальная пресса

an official newspaper официальная газета, a government-owned newspaper газета, принадлежащая правительству

state censorship государственная цензура, to be printed быть напечатанным

to be distributed locally or regionally распространяться в определенной местности или районе, local местный

to offer news of general interest предлагать новости общего содержания, - influence влияние

the sharing of news «делёжка новостями», распространение новостей, a news-gathering business бизнес «сбора новостей»

a news service агентство новостей, to have great national and international influence пользоваться большим влиянием внутри страны и за ее пределами, to spread far beyond smth. выходить далеко за пределы чего-либо

- a paper of international excellence газета международного класса, an international survey международный обзор

a newspaper editor редактор газеты, to be ranked as smth. определяться, квалифицироваться как

the world’s top daily лучшая газета в мире, - the world’s largest news agency крупнейшее в мире агентство новостей

to be owned, controlled or operated by the government принадлежать и контролироваться или управляться правительством

a subscriber подписчик

London.

 London

London is the capital of Great Britain or the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. London stands on the river Thames, about forty miles from the mouth and is divided into two parts by the river: north and south. There are 17 bridges that cross the river. The population of the city is about 9 million people.

It is an ancient city, it is more than 2000 years old. London consists of three parts: the City, The Westminster, The West End and the East End. The City is the heart of London. The City is the most important financial center of the country; there are banks and offices of companies from all over the world there.

The West End is the rich. The West End has many theaters, bars, restaurants and hotels. The popular place is Piccadilly Circus. It is a square in the central part of London.

Covent Garden is a shopping center with cafes and restaurants.

The East End of London is the industrial area and the place where the working people live. There are many factories, workshops and docks there. The East End, lying eastwards from the City is very large and crowded. 

Another important district of London is Westminster, where most of Government buildings are situated. Westminster Palace is the seat of the British Parliament. Westminster Palace was founded in 1050. It is situated in the centre of London. Many great Englishmen were buried in the Abbey: Newton, Darwin and others. 

Answer the questions: 

How many people live in London?

Where is London situated?

What parts is London traditionally divided into?

How old is the City?

What is the West End?

What is the East End?

What is Covent Garden?

What is district Westminster?

Finish the sentences: London is … London is situated … London is divided into … The City is … The West End is … The East End is … The population of London is … Piccadilly Circus is … Covent garden is …

Find the words: река, население, город, сердце города, финансовый центр, офис, богатый, бедный, ресторан, заводы, гостиницы, бары, кафе.

Climate changes. The greenhouse effect.

 

1.Изучите текст.

Climate changes. The greenhouse effect

Nowadays major changes in climate are taking place. They are closely connected with the greenhouse effect and global warming. The greenhouse effect is the absorption of energy radiated from the Earth’s surface by carbon dioxide and other gases in the atmosphere, causing it to become warmer. So due to the greenhouse effect the temperature on the Earth is rising and this creates lots of problems that will begin to take place in the coming decades.

Early indicators of climate change

Today people are conducting an unplanned global experiment by changing the face of the entire planet. We are destroying the ozone layer which allows life to exist on the Earth’s surface. All of these activities are unfavorably changing the composition of the biosphere and the Earth’s heat balance. Average global temperatures have risen by 1 degree over the last century and they could rise by 5 to 10 degrees by the middle of the next century. Some areas, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere, will dry out and there will be more forest fires. At the present rate of destruction most of the rain forests will be gone. Evaporation rates will also increase and water circulation patterns will change. Decreased rainfall in some areas will result in increased rainfall in others. In some regions river flow will be reduced or stopped completely while others will experience sudden downpours that create massive floods.

Arctic ice melting

If the present arctic ice melting continues, the sea could rise by as much as 2 meters by the middle of the next century. Large areas of coastal land would disappear. The warming will rearrange entire biological communities and cause a number of species to become died out. In the end, the overheat of the air will result in the global warming effect.

Conclusion

In conclusion, I’d like to say that it’s very important to start doing something now, so that our future and our planet will be safe

2.Выпишите слова в тетрадь.

· global warming – глобальное потепление

· environment – окружающая среда

· average temperature – средняя температура

· to cause smt – вызывать, являться причиной чего-то

· climate change – изменение климата

· factories – фабрики, производства

· plants – заводы

· heat – жара, тепло, высокая температура

· consumption of smt – потребление чего-то

· threat – угроза

· the North/South Pole – Северный/Южный полюс

· to melt – таять

· land – суша, земля

· drowned – затопленный

· mankind – человечество

· to prevent smt – предотвращать что-то

· green energy – «зеленая» энергия (не опасная для природы)

· solar panel – солнечная панель, батарея

· wind power station (“wind farm”) – ветряная электростанция («ветряная ферма»)

· hydroelectric power plant – гидроэлектростанция

· to switch to smt – переключиться, перейти на что-то

· alternative power source – альтернативный источник энергии

· to face a problem – столкнуться с проблемой

3.Составить сообщение о климате Оренбургской области в 12-15 предложений на английском языке.

American Food

 Traditional American Food

   Americans eat a lot. They have three meals a day: breakfast, lunch and dinner.
   Most of Americans don't eat home but prefer to go to restaurants. They can choose from many kind of restaurants. There is a great number of ethnic restaurants in the United States. Italian, Chinese and Mexican food is very popular. An American institution is the fast food restaurant, which is very convenient but not very healthy.
   However there are some principles of American cuisine (if we may call it so). Americans drink a lot of juices and soda, eat a lot of meat, fruits and vegetables, not much bread. In the morning Americans have cereal or scrambled eggs, milk or orange juice.
   Chicken or fish, fried potatoes, vegetable salads, and desert: this is the most common menu for lunch. Dinner is probably the most important meal of the day, some people have family dinner, when all members of family have to be there.
   For dinner Americans usually have meat, fried or baked potatoes with ketchup or sour cream, corn, peas, sometimes macaroni and cheese or spaghetti; ice-cream, fruit or cake may be for dessert.
   Turkey, ham and apple pie are traditional for Christmas and Thanksgiving Day dinners.

Традиционная американская еда

   Американцы едят много. У них три приема пищи в день: завтрак, обед и ужин.
   Большинство американцев не едят дома, а отдают предпочтение ресторанам. Они могут выбирать из множества ресторанов. В США большое количество этнических ресторанов. Итальянская, китайская, мексиканская, индийская кухни очень популярны. Американское "изобретение" — рестораны "быстрой еды", что очень удобно, но не очень полезно.
   Но, несмотря на это, существует несколько принципов американской кухни. Американцы пьют много соков и содовой воды, едят много мяса, фруктов и овощей и немного хлеба. Утром они обычно едят хлопья с молоком или яичницу, пьют сок или молоко.
   Цыпленок или рыба, жареный картофель, овощной салат и десерт — это наиболее распространенное меню обеда. ужин, наверное, самый важный прием пищи за день; у некоторых существуют семейные ужины, на которых должны присутствовать все члены семьи.
   На ужин у американцев обычно мясо, жареный или печеный картофель с кетчупом или сметаной, кукуруза, зеленый горошек, иногда макароны с сыром или спагетти; на десерт — мороженое, фрукты или пирожные.
   Индейка, окорок и яблочный пирог — традиционные блюда на рождественском обеде или ужине в День благодарения.

 Questions:

1. How many times a day do Americans eat?
2. Do Americans like to eat at home?
3. What kind of restaurants is popular in the US?
4. What do Americans eat for breakfast?
5. What is the most important meal of the day?
6. What is a family dinner?
7. What dishes are traditional for Christmas and Thanksgiving Day dinners?

 

Vocabulary:

ethnic — этнический
healthy — здоровый, полезный
juice — сок
cereal — кукурузные хлопья
potatoes — картофель
salad — салат
ketchup — кетчуп
ice-cream — мороженое
apple pie — яблочный пирог
Christmas — Рождество

 

http://www.english-lessons-online.ru/chitalka/topics/ssha-65